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Water sector system

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Seawater Desalination

Seawater desalination is the process of removing salts and other minerals from seawater or brackish water to produce fresh water suitable for human consumption, agricultural use, or industrial applications. The process begins with the withdrawal of seawater or brackish water. Pretreatment includes modifying the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the water to make it suitable for desalination. The desalination process is carried out through various techniques, including thermal techniques, the most important of which is multi-stage instant distillation (MSF), where seawater is heated, causing it to evaporate rapidly (boiling) in a series of stages at gradually lower pressures. The vapor then condenses into fresh water, and multi-effect distillation (MED), which is similar to multi-stage instant distillation but uses horizontal tubes and vapor pressure.
With the development of technologies, the desalination industry has evolved from thermal techniques to environmentally friendly reverse osmosis techniques, which are techniques that rely on semi-permeable thin membranes to separate water from dissolved salts, the most important of which is reverse osmosis (RO), where high pressure is applied to push seawater through a membrane that prevents salt and mineral molecules, allowing water molecules to pass. Among the membrane technologies is nanofiltration technology, which is similar to reverse osmosis but uses membranes with smaller pores to filter out smaller molecules.
Desalination technologies continued to evolve as the research arm of the Saudi Water Authority, Water Technologies Innovation Institute & Research Advancement (WTIIRA) worked to develop water desalination methods, including
Forward osmosis, an innovative process for desalinating feed water using a chemical draw solution that has a very high osmotic pressure on one side of a semi-permeable membrane. Due to the high osmotic pressure of the draw solution, fresh water is drawn from the feed seawater to dilute the draw solution.

Purification of ground and surface water

Groundwater:
It is the water that is found beneath the surface of the earth within porous geological formations known as underground reservoirs or aquifers. Groundwater is formed when some of the rainwater or streams and rivers seep into the ground, penetrating the soil and rock layers until it reaches the water saturation level. This water is stored in the spaces between rocks, gravel and sand. Groundwater is an important source of fresh water, especially in dry or rainy areas. It is often extracted by drilling wells. This water is a renewable resource, but its depletion or overuse can lead to a significant decrease in it and it takes a long time to replenish. Groundwater depends on the quality of the soil and rocks through which it passes; it may be contaminated if exposed to chemical or biological pollutants.

Surface water:
Refers to the water that collects on the surface of the earth and includes rivers, lakes, streams, and ponds. This water is the main source of fresh water in many areas, and is used for drinking, irrigation, and power generation. Surface water is rapidly replenished by rainfall and snowmelt, but it is also subject to pollution from human activities such as industry, agriculture, and urban expansion. Many ecosystems depend on surface water, which provides the necessary environment for organisms that live in lakes and rivers.

Water Desalination

It is the interim operational arm of the Saudi Water Authority, specializing in managing the affairs of operating and maintaining desalinated water production systems, and groundwater and surface water purification units.

Water Desalination

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